Biomarkers of gastrointestinal dysfunction in children / 中国小儿急救医学

Due to incomplete function of gastrointestinal barrier, children are more likely to develop gastrointestinal dysfunction.The clinical application of related biomarkers helps early diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction in children.By sorting out the studies in recent years, we explored the relationship between inflammatory indicators, intestinal epithelial barrier damage biomarkers, immunological biomarkers, gut microbiome and gastrointestinal dysfunction, and summarized the main problems and solutions faced in the research, which may help the screening, identification and clinical application of relevant biomarkers in subsequent research.

Application of immunological markers in the diagnosis and prediction of type 1 diabetes / 中国医师杂志

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease mediated by T cells. Untreated T1DM deteriorate rapidly. Early prediction and diagnosis lead to early treatment and prognosis of patients. Immune system plays an important role in the destruction of β cells in T1DM patients, and the emergence of immunological markers has facilitated the diagnosis and prediction of T1DM. Based on the results of various cohort studies and clinical studies in recent years, this review comprehensively discusses the application of immunological markers in the prediction and diagnosis of T1DM from two aspects: humoral immune markers and cellular immune markers.

Neurobiología, neurociencia e inmunología en el espectro autista / Neurobiology, neuroscience and immunology in autism spectrum disorders / Neurobiologia, neurociência e inmunologia nele espectro autista

Se realizó un estudio sobre treinta pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) que asisten para su atención a centros especializados que funcionan en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y en el conurbano bonaerense. A todos ellos se les efectuó un estudio psico-neuro-cognitivo exhaustivo, según la escala IDEA (Inventario del Espectro Autista) que tiene el objetivo de evaluar doce dimensiones características significativas en estos pacientes, con cuatro niveles de puntuación en cada una de las dimensiones estudiadas. Los padres o tutores completaron una encuesta con datos epidemiológicos y se investigaron posibles factores de alergias y/o intolerancias presentes. Esta encuesta también se hizo extensiva a otras familias con niños autistas, para que los datos epidemiológicos fueran representativos de una población mayor. Sobre los treinta pacientes estudiados se dosaron anticuerpos antiendomisio y antitransglutaminasa, ambos asociados con la enfermedad celíaca; IgE total, asociada a procesos de alergia y a parasitosis; homocisteína sérica o urinaria, cortisol sérico o urinario y factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro (BNDF). Se trataron de establecer posibles asociaciones causales entre los parámetros estudiados y las manifestaciones de los trastornos autistas.

Thirty patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who attend specialized centers in Buenos Aires and its suburbs were carefully studied. All of them underwent a psycho-neuro-cognitive study. The psychologists used the IDEA (Autism Spectrum Inventory) scale which is focused on twelve characteristically significant dimensions with four typical levels in each of those dimensions studied. Their parents or guardians completed a survey with epidemiological data and possible factors of allergies and/or intolerance presence were investigated. This survey was also distributed among other families with children with ASD condition so that the epidemiological results were taken from a larger number of cases. Anti-endomysial and anti-transglutaminase antibodies usually related to celiac disease, total IgE related to allergic processes, homocysteine measures in serum or urine, cortisol measured in serum or urine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) were dosed in all the cases. The aim was to establish possible causal associations between the studied parameters and the manifestations of the autism spectrum disorder.

Foi conduzido um estudo em trinta pacientes com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA) que para serem atendidos frequentam centros especializados que operam na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires e seus arrededores. Todos eles foram submetidos a um exaustivo estudo psico-neurocognitivo, de acordo com a escala IDEA (Inventário do Espectro Autista) que visa avaliar doze características significativas desses pacientes, com quatro níveis de pontuação em cada uma das dimensões estudadas. Os pais ou responsáveis responderam uma pesquisa com dados epidemiológicos e foram pesquisados possíveis fatores de alergias e / ou intolerâncias presentes. Essa pesquisa também foi estendida a outras famílias com crianças autistas, de modo que os dados epidemiológicos fossem representativos de uma população maior. Anticorpos antiendomísio e antitransglutaminase foram dosados nos trinta pacientes estudados, ambos associados à doença celíaca; IgE total associada a processos de alergia e a parasitose; homocisteína sérica ou urinária, cortisol sérico ou urinário e fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BNDF). Tentou-se estabelecer possíveis associações causais entre os parâmetros estudados e as manifestações dos transtornos autistas.

Identificación de apoptosis liquen plano oral con caspasa 3 / Apoptosis identification in oral lichen planus with caspase 3

Las enfermedades autoinmunes tienen múltiples manifestaciones en estomatología, entre las más frecuentes se encuentra el liquen plano oral (LPO), se trata de una enfermedad crónica con manifestaciones clínicas en piel y mucosas. Se agrupa en dos formas anatomoclínicas, la de curso evolutivo benigno identificado como típico y la susceptible de transformación maligna, identificada como atípico. Histológicamente, la degeneración vacuolar del estrato basal del epitelio es el signo histomorfológico patognomónico seguido de apoptosis celular. La apoptosis es un evento esencial entre los fenómenos del ciclo celular, sucede con la finalidad de eliminar células dañadas o inútiles. De todas las proteínas implicadas las caspasas son los responsables de la ejecución de este mecanismo, especialmente la caspasa 3 por fragmentar y activar otras caspasas responsables de la proteólisis. El potencial de transformación maligna del LPO podría estar en relación con el fallo de este mecanismo de regulación del ciclo de las células epiteliales agredidas y la persistencia de células dañadas. El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la presencia y proporción de apoptosis en las distintas variantes de LPO con técnicas histológicas de rutina y posterior aplicación de inmunohistoquímica, utilizando como marcador la caspasa 3. Se obtuvieron 20 biopsias de LPO de cinco variedades clínicas nueve variantes típicas (VT): cinco placa, cuatro reticulares y 11 variantes atípicas (VA): dos atróficos, seis erosivos, tres ampollares. El método de evaluación fue semicuantitativo, se consideró en función del porcentaje, se realizó un recuento celular de un total de 100 células en cinco campos de gran aumento considerando las siguientes categorías según ausencia, presencia leve (< 10%), moderada (10 ≤ 25%), intensa (25 ≤ 50%), no valorables. Se encontró una buena correlación de los cambios histológicos y el grado de expresión del marcador utilizado para poner en evidencia la apoptosis, sobre todo con las muestras de LPO de variante atípica. En los casos de las variantes atípicas de liquen observados en comparación con la tinción de rutina (H/E) se observó igualdad o una disminución en algunos casos del número de queratinocitos apoptóticos. En cuanto a las variantes clínicas consideradas «típicas¼ se observó que el recuento de células en apoptosis estaba significativamente elevado. Obtuvimos excelentes resultados con el inmunomarcador caspasa 3, el cual coincide con la literatura en su alta sensibilidad como recurso para cuantificar el número de apoptosis en estas lesiones orales (AU)

Autoimmune diseases have multiple manifestations in stomatology, among the most frequent is oral lichen planus (LPO), it is a chronic disease with clinical manifestations in skin and mucous membranes. It is grouped into two anatomoclinic forms, the benign evolutionary course identified as typical and susceptible to malignant transformation, identified as atypical. Histologically, vacuolar degeneration of the basal stratum of the epithelium is the pathognomonic histomorphological sign followed by cellular apoptosis. Apoptosis is an essential event among cell cycle phenomena, it happens in order to eliminate damaged or useless cells. Of all the proteins involved, caspases are responsible for the execution of this mechanism, especially caspase-3 for fragmenting and activating other caspases responsible for proteolysis. The potential for malignant transformation of the LPO could be related to the failure of this mechanism to regulate the cycle of attacked epithelial cells and the persistence of damaged cells. This research work aimed to analyze the presence and proportion of apoptosis in the different variants of LPO with routine histological techniques and subsequent application of immunohistochemistry, using caspase as a marker 3. 20 LPO biopsies from 5 clinical varieties were obtained 9 typical variants (VT): 5 plate, 4 reticular and 11 atypical variants (VA): 2 atrophic, 6 erosive, 3 ampoules. The evaluation method was semi-quantitative considering the percentage, making a cell count of a total of 100 cells, in five large-scale fields considering the following categories according to absence, mild presence (< 10%), moderate (10 ≤ 25%), intense (25 ≤ 50%), not valuable. We found a good correlation of histological changes and the degree of expression of the marker used to highlight apoptosis, especially with the atypical variant LPO samples. In the cases of atypical variants of lichen observed, compared with routine staining (H/E) we find equality or a decrease in some cases of the number of apoptotic keratinocytes. For clinical variants considered «typical¼ it was observed that the cell count in apoptosis was significantly increased. We obtained excellent results with the caspase 3 immunomarker coinciding with the literature of its high sensitivity as a resource to quantify the number of apoptosis in these oral lesions (AU)

Study on prognosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma / 临床外科杂志

With the public awareness of thyroid disease and the development of ultrasound tech-nology,more attention has been paid to the study of the papillary thyroid microcarcinomas(PTMCs).Most thyroid small papillary carcinomas have good prognosis,but postoperative recurrence and lymph node me-tastasis also occurs.Here,the current status and progress of prognostic factors for papillary thyroid micro-carcinoma are reviewed.The primary coverage includes clinical information,immunological markers and BRAF genes.

Immunological & metabolic responses to a therapeutic course of basti in obesity.

Background & objectives: Basti (medicated enema) is a popular Ayurvedic intervention recommended for obesity. However, there are no data to show whether any physiological or biochemical changes occur following this treatment. This study was conducted to identify the immunological and metabolic changes in obese individuals after a therapeutic course of basti. Methods: Thirty two obese individuals (18 and 60 yr) with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 who received a therapeutic course of 16 enemas (basti) followed by a specific diet and lifestyle regimen for a period of 32 days as their treatment for obesity, were enrolled in the study. Clinical examination, measurement of immune and metabolic markers were done before (S1), immediately after (S2) and 90 days after the completion of therapy (S3). Results: A significant reduction (p<0.001) in weight, BMI, upper arm and abdominal circumference was seen at S3, along with a decrease in serum interferon (IFN)-γ (p<0.02), interleukin (IL)-6 (p<0.02) and ferritin (P<0.05) and increase in IgM levels (p<0.02). Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies showed significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and calcium flux after Basti. All organ function tests revealed no changes. Interpretation & conclusions: Our study documents that a therapeutic course of basti modulates immune responses by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulins and functional properties of T-cells. These changes are associated with a reduction in the body weight which is maintained even after three months of treatment. the study also documents the safety of basti procedure.

Lupus eritematoso sistémico en varones características clínicas e inmunológicas / Systemic lupus erythematosus in men clinical and immunologic features

RESUMEN Introducción:El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune que afecta a mujeres nueve veces más que a los varones. La marcada influencia del género sobre la ocurrencia de LES confirma la importancia de factores genéticos y hormonales en la enfermedad. El LES en varones se caracteriza por la mayor frecuencia de serositis, severa injuria renal y un peor pronóstico. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas e inmunológicas de pacientes varones con LES Material y Método: Diseño observacional, descriptivo, de corte transverso. Se estudiaron pacientes con diagnóstico de LES, mayores de 18 años, internados en el Hospital Nacional de Itauguá desde enero del 2005 a diciembre del 2010. Resultados: De un total de 200 pacientes con LES, 155 fueron mujeres (77,5%) y 45 varones (22,5 %). La edad media fue 41 años. El intervalo de tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico fue 15 meses. Características clínicas predominantes: artralgias 80%, pericarditis 60%, caída de cabello 54%, pleuritis 42%, debilidad 42%, fiebre prolongada 40 %, artritis 38%, fotosensibilidad 37%, mialgias 33%, fiebre aguda 31%. Laboratorio: anemia 93%, linfopenia 65%, leucopenia 41%, trombocitopenia 4%, ANA positivo 91%, anti-DNA positivo 68%, C3 disminuido 68%, C4 disminuido 71 %. Proteinuria mayor de 1000 mg: 35%, entre 500-1000 mg: 20%, menor a 500 mg: 45%; hematuria 46%. Se realizó biopsia renal en 22 (49%) pacientes, hallándose glomerulonefritis tipo IV (63%), tipo II (27%) y tipo III (9%). Conclusión: Las características clínicas más representativas fueron las manifestaciones articulares, seguida por las serositis (pericarditis y pleuritis) y afectación renal (grado IV). En cuanto a los marcadores inmunológicos se observó un alto porcentaje de anticuerpos antinucleares positivos además de la hipocomplementemia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects women nine times more than men. The marked influence of gender on the occurrence of SLE confirmed the importance of genetic and hormonal factors in the disease. SLE in males is characterized by a higher frequency of serositis, severe renal injury and poor outcome. Objetive: To determine the clinical and immunological features of male patients with SLE. Material an Methods: an observational, descriptive, transverse cutting, we studied 45 male patients with SLE over 18 in the National Hospital Itauguá from January 2005 to December 2010. Results: Of a total of 200 patients with SLE, 155 were women (77.5%), males 45 (22.5%), mean age was 41 years. The time interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 15 months. Clinical features: 80% arthralgia, pericarditis 60%, 54% hair loss, pleuritis 42%, weakness 42%, 40% prolonged fever, arthritis 38%, photosensitivity 37%, myalgia 33%, 31% acute fever. Laboratory: anemia 93%, 65% lymphopenia, leukopenia 41%, thrombocytopenia 4%, ANA positive in 91%, anti-DNA positive 68%, decreased by 68% C3, C4 decreased by 71%. Proteinuria greater than 1000 mg. 35% between 500-1000 mg. 20%, less than 500 mg. 45%, hematuria 46%. Renal biopsy was performed in 22 (49%) patients, being glomerulonephritis type IV (63%), type II (27%) and type III (9%). Conclusion: The clinical features were more representative articular manifestations, followed by serositis (pericarditis and pleuritis) and renal (gradeIV). As for the immunological markers showed a high percentage of positive antinuclear antibodies plus hypocomplementemia.

Frequency Of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Autoimmunity Markers In Patients With Autoimmune Thyroid Disease / Frecuencia de marcadores de autoinmunidad beta pancreática en pacientes con enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune

A total of 305 ambulatory patients recruited at the Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas, University of Buenos Aires, with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) were studied to search for associations between autoimmune thyroid disease and presence of serum markers of autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Screening for markers of pancreatic beta-cell autoimmunity was performed by radioligand binding assays (RBA) as follows: autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and proinsulin (PAA) were determined in all sera, whereas autoantibodies to protein tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A) and insulin (IAA) were additionally measured in 200 sera randomly selected from the total collection. In addition, every GADA positive serum among the remaining 105 sera was systematically tested for the presence of IA-2A and IAA. In the cohort of 305 AITD patients 22 (7.2%) were previously diagnosed as type 1, type 2 or insulin-requiring type 2 diabetics. Ten of these patients presented serum marker positivity specific for β-cell autoantigens and 12 were marker negative. On the other hand, considering the majority of non-diabetic AITD patients (n=283), β-cell marker positivity was detected in 17 individuals (6.0%). The prevalence of autoimmune diabetes markers was much higher in the studied population than in the general population utilized as a control group, and GADA was the most frequent marker.

Se investigó la asociación entre enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune y la presencia de marcadores séricos de diabetes mellitus en 305 pacientes ambulatorios con enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune reclutados en la División Endocrinología. La búsqueda de marcadores de autoinmunidad contra las células beta pancreáticas se realizó por la técnica de unión de radioligandos (RBA) como se detalla a continuación: se determinaron autoanticuerpos contra la decarboxilasa del ácido glutámico (GADA) y proinsulina (PAA) en todos los sueros, mientras que los anticuerpos contra la proteína tirosina fosfatasa (IA-2A) e insulina (IAA) fueron medidos en 200 de estos sueros tomados al azar de la colección total. Además, en los restantes 105 pacientes, la presencia de IA-2A y IAA fue evaluada en todos los sueros positivos para GADA. Del grupo de 305 pacientes con enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune 22 (7.2%) fueron diagnosticados previamente como diabéticos tipo 1, tipo 2 o tipo 2 insulino-requirientes. Diez de ellos presentaron positividad para marcadores específicos de autoantígenos de célula β, en tanto 12 fueron negativos. Por otra parte, en 17 de los 283 pacientes (6.0%) con enfermedad tiroidea autoimmune y sin diagnóstico previo de diabetes, se detectó positividad para marcadores de célula β. La prevalencia de marcadores de autoinmunidad asociados a diabetes fue mayor en la población estudiada que en la población general usada como grupo control, siendo GADA el marcador más frecuente.